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🌿 355 entries · 31 deadly ones to know

The plant encyclopedia

What you can eat, what heals, what kills — region by region. Each entry gives the criteria that don't lie, the dangerous lookalike, preparation, nutrition and a way to remember it.

🌳Temperate Europe162 entries 🫒Mediterranean85 entries 🏔️Mountains104 entries 🌲Boreal58 entries 🍁North America108 entries 🏜️Desert34 entries 🌴Tropical28 entries 🦘Australia20 entries 🌍Africa27 entries 🐚Coastline30 entries

355 entries

Açaí Palm

Euterpe oleracea

⚠️ Confusion: Juçara Palm

Ackee

🍽️☠️🌴151 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: Itself, unripe

African Baobab

Adansonia digitata

🍽️💊🏜️🌍

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous confusion

African Locust Bean

Parkia biglobosa

🍽️💊🌍

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous confusion

Alfalfa

Medicago sativa

🍽️💊🌳🫒23 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: Red Clover (Trifolium pratense), also edible

Aloe vera

💊🍽️🏜️🫒🌴

⚠️ Confusion: Agave (ex. Agave parryi, Agave americana)

Alpenrose

Rhododendron ferrugineum

Alpine Sorrel

⚠️ Confusion: White False Hellebore

American chestnut

Castanea dentata

🍽️🪓🍁

⚠️ Confusion: Sweet chestnut / European chestnut (Castanea sativa), planted in North America

American elderberry

Sambucus canadensis

🍽️💊🍁

⚠️ Confusion: Red elderberry (Sambucus racemosa)

American persimmon

Diospyros virginiana

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous look-alikes

American Pokeweed

Phytolacca americana

⚠️ Confusion: Elderberry (berries)

Apple of Sodom

Calotropis procera

☠️🏜️🌍

Arctic Willow

🍽️💊🌲

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous look-alikes

Arrowhead (duck potato)

Sagittaria sagittifolia

⚠️ Confusion: European water-plantain (different leaves but identical habitat)

Australian sandalwood

Santalum spicatum

🍽️💊🦘🏜️

⚠️ Confusion: Desert quandong

Australian strychnine tree

Strychnos psilosperma

⚠️ Confusion: Riberry (small-leaved lilly pilly)

Autumn crocus

Colchicum autumnale

☠️🌳🏔️

⚠️ Confusion: Wild garlic (young spring leaves)

Balsam Fir

🍽️💊🪓🍁🌲

⚠️ Confusion: White spruce

Bamboo (young shoots)

Bambusoideae (nombreux genres : Bambusa, Phyllostachys, Dendrocalamus)

🍽️🪓🏕️🌴27 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous look-alikes

Barrel cactus

Ferocactus spp.

⚠️ Confusion: Saguaro

Bay bolete

🍽️🌳🏔️🍁

⚠️ Confusion: Satan's bolete

Bay Laurel

🍽️💊🫒313 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: Oleander

Beefsteak fungus

Fistulina hepatica

🍽️🌳🫒🍁

⚠️ Confusion: Tender nesting polypore

Bilberry

Vaccinium myrtillus

🍽️💊🌳🏔️🌲57 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: no dangerous confusion recorded for the fruit

Bittersweet Nightshade

Solanum dulcamara

⚠️ Confusion: Small garden-escaped cherry tomatoes

Black Alder

Alnus glutinosa

🪓💊🌳🌲

⚠️ Confusion: Hazel

Black crowberry

Empetrum nigrum

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous confusion

Black Henbane

Hyoscyamus niger

⚠️ Confusion: No common edible confusion at adult stage

Black locust

Robinia pseudoacacia

🍽️☠️🪓🌳🍁

⚠️ Confusion: Honey locust

Black Nightshade

☠️🌳🫒🍁

⚠️ Confusion: Wild Bilberry / Blueberry (black berries)

Black Poplar

⚠️ Confusion: Common Aspen

Black Spruce

🍽️💊🌲

⚠️ Confusion: Canada Yew

Black walnut

🍽️🪓🍁

⚠️ Confusion: English walnut

Blackthorn (sloe)

🍽️💊🌳🫒🏔️

⚠️ Confusion: Wild cherry or escaped cultivated plum

Bladderwrack

Fucus vesiculosus

🍽️💊🐚🍁

⚠️ Confusion: Spiral wrack (no vesicles, high intertidal zone) and bladderwrack with single vesicles

Blue Palo Verde

Parkinsonia florida

⚠️ Confusion: Honey Mesquite

Blusher mushroom

Amanita rubescens

🍽️🌳🏔️🌲

⚠️ Confusion: Panthercap

Bramble and Wild Raspberry

Rubus fruticosus / Rubus idaeus

🍽️💊🌳🏔️🌲53 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: no dangerous confusion recorded for ripe fruits

Brazil Nut

Bertholletia excelsa

🍽️🌴659 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: No dangerous edible look-alikes known

Breadfruit

Artocarpus altilis

🍽️🌴103 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: Jackfruit

Brown roll-rim

Paxillus involutus

☠️🌳🌲🍁

⚠️ Confusion: No confusion sought: the risk comes from its repeated traditional consumption

Bunya pine

Araucaria bidwillii

🍽️☠️🦘

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous confusion

Burnet rose (Scotch rose)

Rosa spinosissima

🍽️💊🐚🌳

⚠️ Confusion: Dog rose

Butterbur (pestilence wort)

Petasites hybridus

💊☠️🌳🏔️

⚠️ Confusion: Colt's foot (same bloom-before-leaf cycle, but much smaller)

Caesar's mushroom

Amanita caesarea

🍽️🫒🌳

⚠️ Confusion: Fly agaric, washed-out form

Camas (camas)

Camassia quamash

⚠️ Confusion: Zigadène mortel / death camas

Canada Moonseed

Menispermum canadense

⚠️ Confusion: Wild Grape (edible)

Candelabra tree

Euphorbia candelabrum

☠️🌍🏜️

⚠️ Confusion: Cactus (due to silhouette resemblance, convergent evolution)

Cape aloe (Bitter aloe)

💊🌍🏜️

⚠️ Confusion: Aloe vera (true aloe)

Caper bush

Capparis spinosa

🍽️🫒23 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous confusion

Carissa (wild Natal plum, num-num)

🍽️💊🌍

⚠️ Confusion: Unripe or slightly pink fruit from the same plant

Carob Tree

Ceratonia siliqua

🍽️🫒222 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous confusion

Cassava

Manihot esculenta

🍽️☠️🌴🌍191 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: Sweet cassava vs. bitter cassava

Castor Oil Plant

Ricinus communis

☠️🫒🌴🌍

⚠️ Confusion: No common edible look-alike

Cattail (quenouille)

Typha latifolia

🍽️💊🪓🍁

⚠️ Confusion: Iris versicolor (blue flag iris)

Cattail and Common Reed

Typha latifolia / Phragmites australis

🍽️🪢🌳🏔️🌲

⚠️ Confusion: Yellow iris (rhizome, not to be confused)

Caulerpa taxifolia ("killer alga")

Caulerpa taxifolia

⚠️ Confusion: Other caulerpa species and edible green filamentous algae harvested by mistake in the Mediterranean

Cauliflower mushroom

Sparassis crispa

🍽️🌳🏔️🍁

⚠️ Confusion: Cauliflower coral

Cecropia (pumpwood, embauba)

Cecropia peltata

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous confusion

Chanterelle

Cantharellus cibarius

🍽️🌳🏔️🌲32 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: False chanterelle

Charcoal burner

Russula cyanoxantha

🍽️🌳🏔️🍁

⚠️ Confusion: Other russulas with acrid or peppery taste (not deadly but indigestible raw)

Cherry Laurel

Prunus laurocerasus

⚠️ Confusion: Bay laurel (edible, culinary herb)

Chia

Salvia hispanica

🍽️🏜️🍁486 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: Other wild salvias (Salvia spp.)

Chicken of the woods

Laetiporus sulphureus

🍽️🌳🏔️🍁

⚠️ Confusion: Giant polypore (Meripilus giganteus)

Chickweed

Stellaria media

🍽️💊🌳🫒🍁20 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: Scarlet pimpernel

Chicory

Cichorium intybus

🍽️💊🌳🫒

⚠️ Confusion: Cornflower (blue flowers as well, but completely different plant)

Chokecherry

Prunus virginiana

🍽️💊🍁

⚠️ Confusion: American elderberry

Christ's Thorn Jujube

Ziziphus spina-christi

🍽️💊🌍🏜️

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous confusion

Cleavers

🍽️💊🪢🌳🏔️🫒

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous look-alikes

Cloudberry (bakeapple, knotberry)

Rubus chamaemorus

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous look-alikes

Clover and Daisy

Trifolium repens / pratense — Bellis perennis

🍽️💊🌳🫒🏔️

⚠️ Confusion: Wood sorrel (false clover)

Coconut palm

🍽️💧🪢🌴19 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous confusion

Codium (dead man's fingers)

🍽️🐚🍁

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous look-alikes

Colocynth (bitter apple)

Citrullus colocynthis

☠️🏜️🫒🌍

⚠️ Confusion: Wild / cultivated watermelon

Coltsfoot

Tussilago farfara

💊☠️🌳🏔️

⚠️ Confusion: Other early yellow flower heads (little risk of confusion given the leaf-free flowering)

Common Aspen

Populus tremula

🍽️💊🪓🌳🌲🏔️

⚠️ Confusion: Black Poplar

Common Box

Buxus sempervirens

☠️🪓🌳🫒

⚠️ Confusion: Wild Privet

Common Comfrey

Symphytum officinale

💊☠️🌳🏔️

⚠️ Confusion: Foxglove (at the rosette stage, before flowering)

Common Dogwood

Cornus sanguinea

⚠️ Confusion: Cornelian cherry

Common Fig

🍽️💊🫒74 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous confusion

Common Gorse

🍽️☠️🌳🐚

⚠️ Confusion: Scotch Broom (similar yellow flowers, no thorns)

Common Hawthorn

Crataegus monogyna

🍽️💊🌳🫒🏔️

⚠️ Confusion: no dangerous confusion recorded

Common hogweed

Heracleum sphondylium

🍽️🌳🏔️

⚠️ Confusion: Giant hogweed (severe photosensitizer, never touch)

Common Holly

Ilex aquifolium

☠️🪓💊🌳🫒

⚠️ Confusion: Holly Osmanthus (False Holly, planted as ornamental)

Common Houseleek

Sempervivum tectorum

Common Juniper

Juniperus communis

🍽️💊🌳🏔️🌲90 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: English Yew (DEADLY, red berries and not blue-black)

Common mallow

Malva sylvestris

🍽️💊🌳🫒46 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: aucune confusion dangereuse répertoriée

Common medlar

Mespilus germanica

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous look-alikes

Common milkweed (asclépiade commune)

Asclepias syriaca

🍽️💊🍁

⚠️ Confusion: Other Asclepias species higher in cardenolides

Common Myrtle

Myrtus communis

🍽️💊🫒

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous confusion

Common Nipplewort

Lapsana communis

🍽️🌳🫒

⚠️ Confusion: Common sow thistle or common groundsel at a young stage

Common purslane

Portulaca oleracea

🍽️🫒16 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: Petty spurge

Common ragwort

Jacobaea vulgaris

⚠️ Confusion: Other ragworts and yellow Asteraceae (the whole genus shares comparable toxicity)

Common Reed

Phragmites australis

🍽️🏕️🌲

⚠️ Confusion: Yellow Floating Iris (Yellow Flag)

Common sow thistle (smooth sow thistle)

Sonchus oleraceus

🍽️🌳🫒

⚠️ Confusion: Prickly sow thistle (Sonchus asper), also edible

Common thyme

Thymus vulgaris

🍽️💊🫒101 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: Wild thyme

Common Vetch (Garden Vetch)

🍽️☠️🌳🏔️

⚠️ Confusion: Meadow Vetchling or other Lathyrus species (risk of lathyrism with massive consumption)

Common Walnut

🍽️💊🌳🫒654 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: American Black Walnut (introduced species, edible fruit as well but harder shell)

Cork Oak

🍽️🪓🏕️🫒

⚠️ Confusion: Holm Oak

Cornelian cherry

🍽️💊🌳🏔️45 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: Common dogwood (inedible fruits)

Cow parsley (wild chervil)

Anthriscus sylvestris

🍽️☠️🌳🏔️

⚠️ Confusion: Hemlock (deadly)

Cowbane / Water hemlock

☠️🌳🌲🍁

⚠️ Confusion: Wild parsnip / wild carrot / wild celery

Cranberry

Vaccinium macrocarpon

🍽️💊🍁🌲46 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: Bittersweet nightshade

Creosote Bush (gobernadora)

Larrea tridentata

⚠️ Confusion: Jojoba

Cuckoo-pint (Lords-and-ladies)

⚠️ Confusion: No common food confusion at the adult stage

Cuckooflower (lady's smock)

Cardamine pratensis

🍽️💊🌳🏔️

⚠️ Confusion: Watercress (aquatic, real risk of liver fluke)

Cycas

🍽️☠️🦘

⚠️ Confusion: Sago palm (true sago palms, e.g. Metroxylon sagu, or ornamental Cycas revoluta improperly called "sago palm")

Dandelion

Taraxacum officinale

🍽️💊🌳🫒🏔️45 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: Hawkweeds and sowthistles

Date palm

Phoenix dactylifera

🍽️🏜️277 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous confusion

Datura (Jimsonweed)

Datura stramonium

☠️🌳🫒🍁

⚠️ Confusion: No frequent wild food confusion

Davidson's plum

Davidsonia jerseyana

⚠️ Confusion: Small-leaved lilly pilly

Deadly dapperling (toxic group)

Lepiota brunneoincarnata

⚠️ Confusion: Parasol mushroom (large edible dapperling)

Deadly Nightshade

Atropa belladonna

☠️🌳🫒🏔️

⚠️ Confusion: Bilberry / Wild Blueberry

Death camas

Toxicoscordion venenosum

⚠️ Confusion: Edible camas

Death Cap

Amanita phalloides

⚠️ Confusion: Edible green russulas (Greencracked Brittlegill)

Desert bush tomato (kutjera)

Solanum centrale

🍽️🦘🏜️

⚠️ Confusion: Black nightshade

Desert date (balanites)

Balanites aegyptiaca

🍽️💊🌍🏜️

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous confusion

Desert Quandong

Santalum acuminatum

🍽️💊🦘🏜️

⚠️ Confusion: Desert tomatoes (Solanum genus, e.g., Solanum centrale)

Desmarestia (acid kelp)

Desmarestia spp.

⚠️ Confusion: Other edible brown seaweeds harvested in the same basket

Destroying angel

⚠️ Confusion: Field mushroom or meadow mushroom (at young stage, closed button)

Dog rose

🍽️💊🌳🫒🏔️162 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: no dangerous confusion recorded

Dulse

Palmaria palmata

⚠️ Confusion: No dangerous look-alikes known

Dwarf elderberry (Danewort)

Sambucus ebulus

⚠️ Confusion: Black elderberry (edible cooked)

Eastern Hemlock

Tsuga canadensis

🍽️💊🪓🍁🌲

⚠️ Confusion: Poison hemlock or water hemlock (deadly poison, sharing the English name 'hemlock')

Eastern prickly pear

Opuntia humifusa

🍽️💊🍁🏜️

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous look-alikes

Eastern Redcedar

Juniperus virginiana

🍽️💊🪓🍁

⚠️ Confusion: Yew (Taxus spp.)

Eastern teaberry / Wintergreen

Gaultheria procumbens

🍽️💊🍁

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous confusion

Eastern white pine

🍽️💊🪓🍁

⚠️ Confusion: Canada yew

Edelweiss

Leontopodium alpinum

Elderberry

🍽️💊🌳🫒73 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: Dwarf elder (herbaceous, not to be confused)

English Yew

☠️🌳🫒🏔️

⚠️ Confusion: Silver Fir

Ephedra (Mormon tea)

Ephedra nevadensis

🍵💊🏜️

⚠️ Confusion: Field horsetail

Eucalyptus (Tasmanian Blue Gum)

Eucalyptus globulus

European Ash

Fraxinus excelsior

💊🌳🏔️

⚠️ Confusion: no dangerous look-alikes reported

European Beech

Fagus sylvatica

🍽️🌳🏔️570 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: no dangerous confusion recorded

European crab apple

Malus sylvestris

⚠️ Confusion: Wild pear (European wild pear)

European Hop-Hornbeam / Mediterranean Hackberry

Celtis australis

🍽️🪓🫒

⚠️ Confusion: Field Elm

European Hornbeam

Carpinus betulus

⚠️ Confusion: Beech

European Larch

🍽️💊🏔️

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous confusion

European Spindle

Euonymus europaeus

Fairy ring mushroom

Marasmius oreades

🍽️🌳🫒🏔️

⚠️ Confusion: Deadly white Clitocybes (including the fool's funnel)

False Morel

Gyromitra esculenta

☠️🌳🌲🍁

⚠️ Confusion: Yellow Morel / True Morel

Fat-hen

Chenopodium album

🍽️🌳🫒🍁43 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: Fig-leaved goosefoot / other goosefoots

Field Elm

Ulmus minor (syn. Ulmus campestris)

⚠️ Confusion: no dangerous confusion reported

Field Horsetail

Equisetum arvense

⚠️ Confusion: Marsh Horsetail

Field Maple

🍽️🪓🌳

⚠️ Confusion: Sycamore Maple

Field mushroom

Agaricus campestris

🍽️🌳🫒🏔️

⚠️ Confusion: Destroying angel

Finger lime

Citrus australasica

⚠️ Confusion: Desert lime (Citrus glauca)

Fir and Spruce (buds)

Abies alba / Picea abies

🍽️💊🌳🏔️🌲0 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: English Yew (NEVER CONFUSE with young shoots)

Fireweed

Epilobium angustifolium (syn. Chamerion angustifolium)

🍽️💊🌳🌲🏔️

⚠️ Confusion: no dangerous confusion reported

Fly Agaric

Amanita muscaria

☠️🌳🌲🍁

⚠️ Confusion: Caesar's mushroom (highly sought-after edible)

Fool's funnel (Ivory funnel)

Clitocybe dealbata

⚠️ Confusion: Scotch bonnet / Fairy ring mushroom (choice edible)

Fool's webcap

Cortinarius orellanus

⚠️ Confusion: Chanterelle

Foxglove

Digitalis purpurea

☠️🌳🏔️

⚠️ Confusion: Comfrey (first-year rosette)

Funeral Bell

Galerina marginata

☠️🌳🍁🌲

⚠️ Confusion: Edible wood-decaying Pholiota species

Garden Angelica (Archangel)

Angelica archangelica

🍽️💊🌲

⚠️ Confusion: Poison Hemlock

Garlic mustard

Alliaria petiolata

🍽️💊🌳🏔️

⚠️ Confusion: Ground ivy (different smell) or sweet violet (at the rosette stage before flowering)

Genepi (black wormwood / alpine wormwood)

Artemisia genipi / Artemisia umbellata

🍽️💊🏔️

⚠️ Confusion: Wormwood / Absinthe

Giant Fennel

Ferula communis

⚠️ Confusion: Wild Fennel

Giant Hogweed

Heracleum mantegazzianum

⚠️ Confusion: Hogweed (itself mildly phototoxic, but far less dangerous)

Giant puffball

Calvatia gigantea

🍽️🌳🏔️🌲

⚠️ Confusion: Deadly young amanitas in the "egg" stage (notably death cap)

Glasswort (Samphire)

Salicornia europaea

⚠️ Confusion: Sea Spurge

Great Yellow Gentian

🍽️💊🏔️

⚠️ Confusion: White Helleborine

Greater Burdock

🍽️💊🌳🏔️🍁72 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: Comfrey or Foxglove (at the rosette stage, before flowering)

Grewia (Sahel raisin)

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous look-alikes

Ground elder (Goutweed)

Aegopodium podagraria

🍽️💊🌳🏔️

⚠️ Confusion: Fool's parsley and other toxic Apiaceae (general vigilance required for any non-flowering Apiaceae)

Ground ivy

Glechoma hederacea

🍽️💊🌳🏔️🍁

⚠️ Confusion: no dangerous confusion reported

Guelder rose

Viburnum opulus

☠️🍽️🌳

⚠️ Confusion: Redcurrant or other edible red berries

Gum acacia (Senegal acacia)

Senegalia senegal

🍽️💊🪓🌍🏜️

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous confusion

Gympie-gympie (Giant stinging tree)

Dendrocnide moroides

⚠️ Confusion: False stinger / native mulberry

Hazel

Corylus avellana

🍽️🌳🏔️628 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: no dangerous confusion recorded

Heather (ling)

Calluna vulgaris

💊🪢🌳🏔️🐚

⚠️ Confusion: Heaths of the Erica genus (bell heather, cross-leaved heath), same uses

Hemlock water-dropwort

Oenanthe crocata

☠️🌳🫒🐚

⚠️ Confusion: Wild parsnip or wild celery

Hibiscus (roselle, bissap)

Hibiscus sabdariffa

🍽️💊🌴🌍

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous look-alikes

Himanthalia (sea spaghetti, thongweed)

Himanthalia elongata

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous confusion

Holm Oak

🍽️🫒387 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: Cork Oak

Honey Mesquite

Prosopis glandulosa

🍽️💊🪓🍁🏜️

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous look-alikes

Hoodia

Hoodia gordonii

Hoof fungus

Fomes fomentarius

Hops (wild hops)

Humulus lupulus

🍽️💊🌳

⚠️ Confusion: Young shoots of traveller's joy (toxic)

Horn of Plenty

Craterellus cornucopioides

🍽️🌳🏔️🍁

⚠️ Confusion: No toxic or deadly species in Europe

Horse Chestnut

Aesculus hippocastanum

☠️🪓💊🌳

⚠️ Confusion: Sweet Chestnut

Illawarra Plum

Podocarpus elatus

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous look-alikes

Indian Jujube (Sahel Apple)

Ziziphus mauritiana

🍽️🌍🌴

⚠️ Confusion: Christ's Thorn Jujube

Jackfruit

Artocarpus heterophyllus

🍽️🌴95 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: Breadfruit

Jewelweed / Touch-me-not (Impatiente du Cap)

Impatiens capensis

💊🍽️🍁

⚠️ Confusion: No dangerous confusion known

Jojoba

Simmondsia chinensis

☠️💊🏜️

⚠️ Confusion: Christ's Thorn Jujube

Joshua Tree

Yucca brevifolia

⚠️ Confusion: Soapweed Yucca

Juçara palm (heart of palm)

⚠️ Confusion: Açaí palm (multi-stemmed, clumping habit)

Jumping cholla

Cylindropuntia fulgida

⚠️ Confusion: Prickly pear

Kair (leafless caper bush)

Capparis decidua

⚠️ Confusion: Caper bush

Kakadu plum

Terminalia ferdinandiana

🍽️💊🦘

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous confusion

Knotted wrack

Ascophyllum nodosum

🍽️🐚🍁

⚠️ Confusion: Bladder wrack

Labrador Tea

Rhododendron groenlandicum

⚠️ Confusion: Rhododendron tomentosum (marsh Labrador tea)

Laburnum (Golden Chain Tree)

Laburnum anagyroides

☠️🌳🏔️

⚠️ Confusion: Peas or green beans (seeds mistaken by a child)

Lesser Celandine

Ranunculus ficaria

🍽️☠️🌳🏔️

⚠️ Confusion: Meadow buttercup or other buttercups (toxic year-round)

Lily of the Valley

Convallaria majalis

⚠️ Confusion: Wild garlic / Ramsons (before flowering)

Linden (Lime tree)

Tilia cordata / Tilia platyphyllos

🍽️💊🌳🏔️

⚠️ Confusion: no dangerous look-alikes reported

Lingonberry (mountain cranberry)

Vaccinium vitis-idaea

🍽️💊🏔️🌲51 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous confusion

Livid pinkgill

Entoloma sinuatum

⚠️ Confusion: Sweetbread mushroom (the "Miller"), popular edible

London Plane

Platanus x hispanica

⚠️ Confusion: Sycamore Maple

Macadamia Nut

Macadamia integrifolia

🍽️🦘718 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: Macadamia tetraphylla and ornamental hybrids

Manchineel

Hippomane mancinella

⚠️ Confusion: Apple or small tropical edible fruit

Manzanita

Arctostaphylos manzanita

🍽️💊🍁

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous look-alikes

Marula

Sclerocarya birrea

🍽️💊🌍

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous confusion

Mastic tree

Pistacia lentiscus

🍽️💊🫒

⚠️ Confusion: Terebinth

Mayapple

Podophyllum peltatum

⚠️ Confusion: No common edible look-alikes besides the plant itself at different growth stages

Meadow buttercup

Ranunculus acris

☠️🌳🍁🏔️

⚠️ Confusion: No common edible confusion

Meadow Salsify and Rampion Bellflower

Tragopogon pratensis / Campanula rapunculus

🍽️🌳🏔️

⚠️ Confusion: no dangerous confusion listed for these two species

Meadow vetchling

Lathyrus pratensis

☠️🌳🏔️

⚠️ Confusion: Common vetch (edible in moderation)

Meadowsweet

Filipendula ulmaria

🍽️💊🌳🏔️🌲

⚠️ Confusion: no dangerous confusion recorded

Miner's lettuce

Claytonia perfoliata

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous lookalikes

Monkshood

Aconitum napellus

☠️🌳🏔️

⚠️ Confusion: Horseradish

Morel

Morchella esculenta

🍽️🌳🌲🍁

⚠️ Confusion: False Morel

Moringa

Moringa oleifera

🍽️💊🌴🌍64 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous look-alikes

Mountain Arnica

⚠️ Confusion: Leopard's bane

Mulga

🍽️🪓🔥🦘🏜️

⚠️ Confusion: Georgina gidgee (toxic acacia)

Native Cherry (Cherry Ballart)

Exocarpos cupressiformis

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous look-alikes

Native raspberry

Rubus parvifolius

🍽️🍵🦘

⚠️ Confusion: Red raspberry

New Zealand Spinach (Warrigal Greens)

Tetragonia tetragonioides

🍽️🦘🐚

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous look-alikes

Nori (purple laver)

Porphyra umbilicalis

🍽️🐚🍁35 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: Other thin sheet-like red algae (Porphyra/Pyropia spp.)

Northern red oak

🍽️🪓🍁

⚠️ Confusion: White oak and the white oak group (Quercus alba)

Northern white-cedar (Eastern arborvitae)

Thuja occidentalis

💊🪓🍁🌲

⚠️ Confusion: Eastern redcedar

Oak (pedunculate and sessile)

Quercus robur / Quercus petraea

🍽️💊🌳🫒387 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: no dangerous confusion (acorns are unambiguously identifiable)

Oarweed (Breton kombu)

Laminaria digitata

🍽️🐚🍁

⚠️ Confusion: Sugar kelp (royal kombu)

Oleander

Nerium oleander

⚠️ Confusion: Bay laurel (edible)

Orange birch bolete

Leccinum aurantiacum

🍽️🌳🏔️🌲

⚠️ Confusion: Oak orange bolete / poplar orange bolete

Ostrich fern fiddleheads (fiddleheads)

Matteuccia struthiopteris

⚠️ Confusion: Bracken fern

Oyster Mushroom

Pleurotus ostreatus

🍽️🌳🏔️🌲33 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: Jack-o'-lantern mushroom

Oyster plant (Mertensia maritima)

Mertensia maritima

🍽️🐚🌲🍁

⚠️ Confusion: Sea sandwort

Pandanus (vacoa, screwpine)

Pandanus tectorius

🍽️🪢🏕️🌴

⚠️ Confusion: Coastal Agave or Yucca with spiky leaves

Panther cap

Amanita pantherina

⚠️ Confusion: Blushing mushroom

Paper birch (bouleau à papier)

Betula papyrifera

🍽️💊🪓🍁

⚠️ Confusion: Yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis)

Parasol Mushroom

Macrolepiota procera

🍽️🌳🫒🏔️

⚠️ Confusion: Small brown lepiotas (deadly dapperling and related species)

Parry's agave

🍽️🪓🍁🏜️

⚠️ Confusion: Aloès vrai

Pawpaw

Asimina triloba

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous confusion

Pennyroyal

Mentha pulegium

☠️💊🌳🫒

⚠️ Confusion: Water mint or other mints edible in moderation

Pigface (Karkalla / Hottentot Fig)

Carpobrotus spp.

🍽️💊🦘🏜️

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous look-alikes

Pinyon pine (piñon pine)

🍽️🪓🍁🏜️

⚠️ Confusion: Aucune confusion dangereuse connue

Plantain (ribwort and broadleaf)

Plantago lanceolata / Plantago major

🍽️💊🌳🫒🏔️32 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: no dangerous confusion recorded

Poison hemlock

Conium maculatum

☠️🌳🫒🍁

⚠️ Confusion: Wild chervil / cow parsley

Poison ivy

Toxicodendron radicans

⚠️ Confusion: Virginia creeper (5 leaflets, edible... not eaten, but safe to touch)

Poison sumac

Toxicodendron vernix

⚠️ Confusion: Edible staghorn sumac

Ponderosa pine

Pinus ponderosa

🍽️🪓💊🍁🏔️

⚠️ Confusion: Jeffrey pine

Poplar fieldcap

Cyclocybe aegerita

🍽️🌳🫒

⚠️ Confusion: Destructive pholiota

Porcini Mushroom

🍽️🌳🫒🏔️

⚠️ Confusion: Satan's Bolete

Prickly Pear

Opuntia ficus-indica

🍽️🏜️🫒16 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous confusion

Prickly saltwort (Russian thistle)

🍽️🐚🫒

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous toxic look-alikes

Purging Buckthorn

Rhamnus cathartica

⚠️ Confusion: Bilberry, blueberry, or other small edible black berries

Rattan

🍽️🪢🌴

⚠️ Confusion: Other spiny understory vines (tropical brambles, Smilax)

Red Staining Inocybe

Inocybe erubescens

⚠️ Confusion: Edible spring St. George's mushrooms and tricholomas

Reindeer lichen (cladonia)

Cladonia rangiferina

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous look-alikes

Riverbank grape (wild grape)

⚠️ Confusion: Canada moonseed

Rock samphire (sea fennel)

Crithmum maritimum

🍽️🐚🫒

⚠️ Confusion: Other coastal Apiaceae, some of which are toxic (e.g., hemlock water-dropwort in nearby wet areas)

Rock tripe

Umbilicaria spp.

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous look-alikes

Rosary pea (jequirity bean, Indian liquorice)

Abrus precatorius

⚠️ Confusion: Red sandalwood / Bead tree seeds, non-toxic and used in jewelry

Rosemary

Salvia rosmarinus (syn. Rosmarinus officinalis)

🍽️💊🫒131 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: Tree heath

Rowan

Sorbus aucuparia

🍽️🏔️🌲

⚠️ Confusion: Service tree

Saffron milkcap

Lactarius deliciosus

🍽️🌳🫒🏔️

⚠️ Confusion: Woolly milkcap

Sago Palm

Metroxylon sagu

🍽️🌴332 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: Cycads (cycadales, e.g. Cycas media, or ornamental Cycas revoluta, both improperly called "sago palms")

Saguaro

Carnegiea gigantea

⚠️ Confusion: Barrel cactus

Sassafras

Sassafras albidum

🍽️💊🍁

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous confusion

Satan's Bolete

Rubroboletus satanas

⚠️ Confusion: Edible red-pored boletes (scarletina bolete cooked, etc.)

Sausage Tree

Kigelia africana

🍽️💊🌍

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous confusion

Scotch broom

Cytisus scoparius

☠️💊🌳🏔️

⚠️ Confusion: Gorse (thorny, also toxic as a plant but flowers are edible)

Scots pine

Pinus sylvestris

🍽️💊🌳🌲🏔️0 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: English Yew (never confuse with needle arrangement)

Sea beet (Wild chard)

Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima

🍽️🐚🫒

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous confusion

Sea buckthorn

Hippophae rhamnoides

🍽️💊🌳🐚🏔️

⚠️ Confusion: Firethorn (pyracantha)

Sea kale

Crambe maritima

⚠️ Confusion: Sea rocket

Sea lavender (statice)

Limonium vulgare

🍽️💊🐚🫒

⚠️ Confusion: Sea aster

Sea lettuce

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous look-alikes

Sea purslane

Halimione portulacoides

🍽️🐚🫒

⚠️ Confusion: Pedunculate sea-purslane (rare)

Sea rocket

Cakile maritima

🍽️🐚🫒

⚠️ Confusion: Sea kale

Sea Sandwort

Honckenya peploides

🍽️🐚🍁🌲

⚠️ Confusion: Sea Spurge (toxic)

Sea Spurge

Euphorbia paralias

⚠️ Confusion: Sea Sandwort (edible)

Sea squill

Drimia maritima (syn. Urginea maritima)

Service tree (corm)

Sorbus domestica

🍽️🌳🫒

⚠️ Confusion: Rowan / Mountain ash, also edible (after bletting/cooking)

Serviceberry / Saskatoon (Amélanchier)

Amelanchier alnifolia

🍽️💊🍁

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous confusion

Shaggy mane

Coprinus comatus

🍽️🌳🫒🏔️

⚠️ Confusion: Common ink cap

Shea tree

Vitellaria paradoxa

🍽️💊🌍

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous look-alikes

Shepherd's purse

Capsella bursa-pastoris

🍽️💊🌳🫒🏔️

⚠️ Confusion: no notable dangerous confusion

Silver Birch

🍽️💊🪢🌳🌲🏔️24 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: no dangerous confusion recorded

Slender Gracilaria

Gracilaria gracilis

🍽️🐚🫒

⚠️ Confusion: Other filamentous red seaweeds

Small-leaved lilly pilly (riberry)

Syzygium luehmannii

⚠️ Confusion: Strychnine tree (toxic black berries)

Soapweed yucca

🍽️🪓💊🍁

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous look-alikes

Sorrel

🍽️🌳🏔️🌲22 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: Sheep's sorrel

Spear Thistle (Bull Thistle)

Cirsium vulgare

🍽️🌳🏔️🫒

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous confusion

Sphagnum moss

Spurge-laurel / Mezereon

Daphne mezereum

☠️🌳🏔️

⚠️ Confusion: Currant or blackcurrant (berries)

St. George's mushroom

Calocybe gambosa

🍽️🌳🏔️🍁

⚠️ Confusion: Livid pinkgill

St. John's Wort

Hypericum perforatum

💊☠️🌳🫒🏔️

Staghorn sumac

🍽️💊🍁

⚠️ Confusion: Poison sumac

Stinging Nettle

🍽️💊🪢🌳🫒🏔️42 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: White dead-nettle (non-stinging)

Stinking hellebore

Helleborus foetidus

⚠️ Confusion: No common edible confusion

Strawberry tree

🍽️🫒65 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous confusion

Strophanthus (arrow poison liana)

Strophanthus gratus

⚠️ Confusion: No dangerous food confusion specifically documented

Strychnine tree (nux vomica)

Strychnos nux-vomica

⚠️ Confusion: Orange or other citrus fruit fallen on the ground

Sugar maple

🍽️💊🍁

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous confusion

Sun spurge

Euphorbia helioscopia

☠️🌳🫒🍁

⚠️ Confusion: Various non-laticiferous young vegetable shoots

Sweet Chestnut

Castanea sativa

🍽️🌳🫒🏔️245 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: Horse Chestnut

Sweet Violet

🍽️💊🌳🫒

⚠️ Confusion: Early Dog-violet (scentless)

Swiss pine (Arolla pine)

⚠️ Confusion: European yew

Sycamore fig

Ficus sycomorus

🍽️💊🌍

⚠️ Confusion: Common fig

Sycamore maple

Acer pseudoplatanus

🍽️🪓🌳🏔️

⚠️ Confusion: Norway maple

Tamarind

Tamarindus indica

🍽️💊🌍🌴239 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous look-alikes

Taro

Colocasia esculenta

🍽️🌴112 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: Colocasia gigantea and Alocasia (certain species toxic when raw)

Toothbrush Tree (siwak/miswak)

Salvadora persica

🍽️💊🏜️🌍

⚠️ Confusion: Desert date (balanites)

Umbrella thorn acacia

Vachellia tortilis

🍽️🪢🏜️🌍

⚠️ Confusion: Gum acacia

Valerian

Valeriana officinalis

💊🌳🏔️

Velvet tamarind

Dialium guineense

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous confusion

Wakame

Undaria pinnatifida

🍽️🐚🫒

⚠️ Confusion: Oarweed / Kelp (kombu)

Water hemlock

Cicuta maculata

⚠️ Confusion: Wild parsnip, cow parsnip, and other edible Apiaceae

Water Mint

Mentha aquatica

🍽️💊🌳🏔️

⚠️ Confusion: Gypsywort (edible, no minty smell)

Water plantain (European water-plantain)

Alisma plantago-aquatica

⚠️ Confusion: Arrowhead (same habitat, different leaf)

Watercress

Nasturtium officinale

🍽️💊☠️🌳🏔️11 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: Fool's watercress (deadly), which grows in the same ditches

Wattleseed Acacia (elegant wattle)

Acacia victoriae

🍽️🦘🏜️

⚠️ Confusion: Georgina gidgee (toxic acacia)

Western Redcedar

🪓🪢🏕️🍁🏔️

⚠️ Confusion: Eastern Arborvitae (Northern White-Cedar)

White and Purple Dead-Nettle

Lamium album / Lamium purpureum

🍽️💊🌳🏔️

⚠️ Confusion: Stinging Nettle (harmless visual confusion, just a false alarm)

White Bryony

⚠️ Confusion: Wild Grapevine (foliage)

White Mulberry

🍽️🪢🪓🌳🫒

⚠️ Confusion: Paper Mulberry

White oak

🍽️🪓🍁

⚠️ Confusion: Red oak (Quercus rubra) and other oaks in the red oak group

White Spruce

🍽️💊🪢🌲🍁

⚠️ Confusion: Balsam Fir

White veratrum

☠️🌳🏔️

⚠️ Confusion: Yellow gentian (leaves before flowering)

White Willow

💊🪢🌳🏔️🌲

⚠️ Confusion: no dangerous confusion reported among willows (the genus Salix includes many species and hybrids, all sharing similar properties in their bark)

Wild Angelica (Woodland Angelica)

Angelica sylvestris

🍽️💊🌳🏔️

⚠️ Confusion: Poison hemlock and water hemlock (deadly), giant hogweed (burns)

Wild asparagus

Asparagus acutifolius

🍽️🫒20 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: Garden asparagus escaped from cultivation

Wild banana tree

Musa balbisiana

🍽️🪓🏕️🌴

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous look-alikes

Wild cacao tree

Theobroma cacao

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous look-alikes

Wild Carrot

🍽️🌳🫒🏔️

⚠️ Confusion: Poison Hemlock (DEADLY)

Wild Cherry (Sweet Cherry)

⚠️ Confusion: Black cherry / rum cherry (Prunus serotina, leaves and kernels are more toxic) or blackthorn (different fruit)

Wild fennel

Foeniculum vulgare

🍽️💊🫒31 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: Giant fennel

Wild garlic

🍽️💊🌳🏔️30 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: Lily of the valley

Wild leek (ramps / ail des bois)

Allium tricoccum

⚠️ Confusion: Lily of the valley

Wild lowbush blueberry / wild blueberry

Vaccinium angustifolium

🍽️💊🍁🌲57 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: Buckthorn (European buckthorn)

Wild Oregano (Wild Marjoram)

Origanum vulgare

🍽️💊🌳🫒🏔️

⚠️ Confusion: Wild mint or calamint (similar scents, but aromatic and edible as well)

Wild parsnip

Pastinaca sativa

🍽️🌳🫒

⚠️ Confusion: no deadly confusion recorded thanks to the yellow color of the umbel, which is rare among toxic European Apiaceae

Wild pear (European wild pear)

⚠️ Confusion: Wild apple tree (round fruit, similar tree)

Wild Physalis (Cape gooseberry, Peruvian groundcherry, husked cherry)

Physalis peruviana

⚠️ Confusion: Black nightshade (berries not enclosed in a lantern-like calyx)

Wild Raspberry

🍽️💊🏔️🌲52 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: Bramble / Common Blackberry

Wild rice (manoomin)

Zizania palustris

⚠️ Confusion: Ergot of rye (parasitic fungus on grasses)

Wild Service Tree

Sorbus torminalis

⚠️ Confusion: Field Maple (similar leaf, different tree, no danger)

Wild strawberry

🍽️💊🏔️32 kcal

⚠️ Confusion: Mock strawberry

Wild Sugarcane

Saccharum spontaneum

🍽️🏕️🌴

⚠️ Confusion: Cultivated Sugarcane

Wild Thyme

Thymus serpyllum

🍽️💊🌳🏔️🫒

⚠️ Confusion: Common thyme

Wild Yam (Air Potato, Aerial Yam)

Dioscorea bulbifera

⚠️ Confusion: Cultivated yam requiring no detox

Wood blewit

🍽️🌳🏔️🍁

⚠️ Confusion: Violet webcaps

Wood Hedgehog

Hydnum repandum

🍽️🌳🏔️🌲

⚠️ Confusion: No known toxic species

Wood mushroom

Agaricus silvicola

🍽️🌳🏔️🍁

⚠️ Confusion: Deadly white amanitas (especially white forms of the death cap)

Ximenia (African wild plum)

Ximenia americana

🍽️💊🌍

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous confusion regarding the fruit

Yarrow

Achillea millefolium

🍽️💊🌳🏔️🌲

⚠️ Confusion: no dangerous confusion recorded

Yellow Birch

Betula alleghaniensis

🍽️💊🍁

⚠️ Confusion: Paper Birch (Betula papyrifera)

Yellow Sweet Clover

Melilotus officinalis

⚠️ Confusion: White Sweet Clover (same genus, same precaution)

Yellow Water-lily

🍽️🌳🏔️🌲

⚠️ Confusion: Yellow Iris (margin rhizome, not to be confused)

Yellowfoot chanterelle

Craterellus tubaeformis

🍽️🌳🌲🍁

⚠️ Confusion: Golden chanterelle