The plants of Temperate Europe

⚠️ Confusion: Red Clover (Trifolium pratense), also edible

⚠️ Confusion: Elderberry (berries)

⚠️ Confusion: European water-plantain (different leaves but identical habitat)

⚠️ Confusion: Wild garlic (young spring leaves)

⚠️ Confusion: Satan's bolete

⚠️ Confusion: Tender nesting polypore

⚠️ Confusion: no dangerous confusion recorded for the fruit

⚠️ Confusion: Small garden-escaped cherry tomatoes

⚠️ Confusion: Hazel

⚠️ Confusion: No common edible confusion at adult stage

⚠️ Confusion: Honey locust

⚠️ Confusion: Wild Bilberry / Blueberry (black berries)

⚠️ Confusion: Common Aspen

⚠️ Confusion: Wild cherry or escaped cultivated plum

⚠️ Confusion: Panthercap

⚠️ Confusion: no dangerous confusion recorded for ripe fruits

⚠️ Confusion: No confusion sought: the risk comes from its repeated traditional consumption

⚠️ Confusion: Dog rose

⚠️ Confusion: Colt's foot (same bloom-before-leaf cycle, but much smaller)

⚠️ Confusion: Fly agaric, washed-out form

⚠️ Confusion: Yellow iris (rhizome, not to be confused)

⚠️ Confusion: Cauliflower coral

⚠️ Confusion: False chanterelle

⚠️ Confusion: Other russulas with acrid or peppery taste (not deadly but indigestible raw)

⚠️ Confusion: Bay laurel (edible, culinary herb)

⚠️ Confusion: Giant polypore (Meripilus giganteus)

⚠️ Confusion: Scarlet pimpernel

⚠️ Confusion: Cornflower (blue flowers as well, but completely different plant)

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous look-alikes

⚠️ Confusion: Wood sorrel (false clover)

⚠️ Confusion: Other early yellow flower heads (little risk of confusion given the leaf-free flowering)

⚠️ Confusion: Black Poplar

⚠️ Confusion: Wild Privet

⚠️ Confusion: Foxglove (at the rosette stage, before flowering)

⚠️ Confusion: Cornelian cherry

⚠️ Confusion: Scotch Broom (similar yellow flowers, no thorns)

⚠️ Confusion: no dangerous confusion recorded

⚠️ Confusion: Giant hogweed (severe photosensitizer, never touch)

⚠️ Confusion: Holly Osmanthus (False Holly, planted as ornamental)

⚠️ Confusion: English Yew (DEADLY, red berries and not blue-black)

⚠️ Confusion: aucune confusion dangereuse répertoriée

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous look-alikes

⚠️ Confusion: Common sow thistle or common groundsel at a young stage

⚠️ Confusion: Other ragworts and yellow Asteraceae (the whole genus shares comparable toxicity)

⚠️ Confusion: Prickly sow thistle (Sonchus asper), also edible

⚠️ Confusion: Meadow Vetchling or other Lathyrus species (risk of lathyrism with massive consumption)

⚠️ Confusion: American Black Walnut (introduced species, edible fruit as well but harder shell)

⚠️ Confusion: Common dogwood (inedible fruits)

⚠️ Confusion: Hemlock (deadly)

⚠️ Confusion: Wild parsnip / wild carrot / wild celery

⚠️ Confusion: No common food confusion at the adult stage

⚠️ Confusion: Watercress (aquatic, real risk of liver fluke)

⚠️ Confusion: Hawkweeds and sowthistles

⚠️ Confusion: No frequent wild food confusion

⚠️ Confusion: Parasol mushroom (large edible dapperling)

⚠️ Confusion: Bilberry / Wild Blueberry

⚠️ Confusion: Edible green russulas (Greencracked Brittlegill)

⚠️ Confusion: Field mushroom or meadow mushroom (at young stage, closed button)

⚠️ Confusion: no dangerous confusion recorded

⚠️ Confusion: Black elderberry (edible cooked)

⚠️ Confusion: Dwarf elder (herbaceous, not to be confused)

⚠️ Confusion: Silver Fir

⚠️ Confusion: no dangerous look-alikes reported

⚠️ Confusion: no dangerous confusion recorded

⚠️ Confusion: Wild pear (European wild pear)

⚠️ Confusion: Beech

⚠️ Confusion: Deadly white Clitocybes (including the fool's funnel)

⚠️ Confusion: Yellow Morel / True Morel

⚠️ Confusion: Fig-leaved goosefoot / other goosefoots

⚠️ Confusion: no dangerous confusion reported

⚠️ Confusion: Sycamore Maple

⚠️ Confusion: Destroying angel

⚠️ Confusion: English Yew (NEVER CONFUSE with young shoots)

⚠️ Confusion: no dangerous confusion reported

⚠️ Confusion: Caesar's mushroom (highly sought-after edible)

⚠️ Confusion: Scotch bonnet / Fairy ring mushroom (choice edible)

⚠️ Confusion: Chanterelle

⚠️ Confusion: Comfrey (first-year rosette)

⚠️ Confusion: Edible wood-decaying Pholiota species

⚠️ Confusion: Ground ivy (different smell) or sweet violet (at the rosette stage before flowering)

⚠️ Confusion: Hogweed (itself mildly phototoxic, but far less dangerous)

⚠️ Confusion: Deadly young amanitas in the "egg" stage (notably death cap)

⚠️ Confusion: Comfrey or Foxglove (at the rosette stage, before flowering)

⚠️ Confusion: Fool's parsley and other toxic Apiaceae (general vigilance required for any non-flowering Apiaceae)

⚠️ Confusion: no dangerous confusion reported

⚠️ Confusion: Redcurrant or other edible red berries

⚠️ Confusion: no dangerous confusion recorded

⚠️ Confusion: Heaths of the Erica genus (bell heather, cross-leaved heath), same uses

⚠️ Confusion: Wild parsnip or wild celery

⚠️ Confusion: Young shoots of traveller's joy (toxic)

⚠️ Confusion: No toxic or deadly species in Europe

⚠️ Confusion: Sweet Chestnut

⚠️ Confusion: Peas or green beans (seeds mistaken by a child)

⚠️ Confusion: Meadow buttercup or other buttercups (toxic year-round)

⚠️ Confusion: Wild garlic / Ramsons (before flowering)

⚠️ Confusion: no dangerous look-alikes reported

⚠️ Confusion: Sweetbread mushroom (the "Miller"), popular edible

⚠️ Confusion: Sycamore Maple

⚠️ Confusion: No common edible confusion

⚠️ Confusion: no dangerous confusion listed for these two species

⚠️ Confusion: Common vetch (edible in moderation)

⚠️ Confusion: no dangerous confusion recorded

⚠️ Confusion: Horseradish

⚠️ Confusion: False Morel

⚠️ Confusion: no dangerous confusion (acorns are unambiguously identifiable)

⚠️ Confusion: Oak orange bolete / poplar orange bolete

⚠️ Confusion: Jack-o'-lantern mushroom

⚠️ Confusion: Blushing mushroom

⚠️ Confusion: Small brown lepiotas (deadly dapperling and related species)

⚠️ Confusion: Water mint or other mints edible in moderation

⚠️ Confusion: no dangerous confusion recorded

⚠️ Confusion: Wild chervil / cow parsley

⚠️ Confusion: Destructive pholiota

⚠️ Confusion: Satan's Bolete

⚠️ Confusion: Bilberry, blueberry, or other small edible black berries

⚠️ Confusion: Edible spring St. George's mushrooms and tricholomas

⚠️ Confusion: Woolly milkcap

⚠️ Confusion: Edible red-pored boletes (scarletina bolete cooked, etc.)

⚠️ Confusion: Gorse (thorny, also toxic as a plant but flowers are edible)

⚠️ Confusion: English Yew (never confuse with needle arrangement)

⚠️ Confusion: Firethorn (pyracantha)

⚠️ Confusion: Rowan / Mountain ash, also edible (after bletting/cooking)

⚠️ Confusion: Common ink cap

⚠️ Confusion: no notable dangerous confusion

⚠️ Confusion: no dangerous confusion recorded

⚠️ Confusion: Sheep's sorrel

⚠️ Confusion: No known dangerous confusion

⚠️ Confusion: Currant or blackcurrant (berries)

⚠️ Confusion: Livid pinkgill

⚠️ Confusion: White dead-nettle (non-stinging)

⚠️ Confusion: No common edible confusion

⚠️ Confusion: Various non-laticiferous young vegetable shoots

⚠️ Confusion: Horse Chestnut

⚠️ Confusion: Early Dog-violet (scentless)

⚠️ Confusion: Norway maple

⚠️ Confusion: Gypsywort (edible, no minty smell)

⚠️ Confusion: Arrowhead (same habitat, different leaf)

⚠️ Confusion: Fool's watercress (deadly), which grows in the same ditches

⚠️ Confusion: Stinging Nettle (harmless visual confusion, just a false alarm)

⚠️ Confusion: Wild Grapevine (foliage)

⚠️ Confusion: Paper Mulberry

⚠️ Confusion: Yellow gentian (leaves before flowering)

⚠️ Confusion: no dangerous confusion reported among willows (the genus Salix includes many species and hybrids, all sharing similar properties in their bark)

⚠️ Confusion: Poison hemlock and water hemlock (deadly), giant hogweed (burns)

⚠️ Confusion: Poison Hemlock (DEADLY)

⚠️ Confusion: Black cherry / rum cherry (Prunus serotina, leaves and kernels are more toxic) or blackthorn (different fruit)

⚠️ Confusion: Lily of the valley

⚠️ Confusion: Wild mint or calamint (similar scents, but aromatic and edible as well)

⚠️ Confusion: no deadly confusion recorded thanks to the yellow color of the umbel, which is rare among toxic European Apiaceae

⚠️ Confusion: Wild apple tree (round fruit, similar tree)

⚠️ Confusion: Field Maple (similar leaf, different tree, no danger)

⚠️ Confusion: Common thyme

⚠️ Confusion: Violet webcaps

⚠️ Confusion: No known toxic species

⚠️ Confusion: Deadly white amanitas (especially white forms of the death cap)

⚠️ Confusion: no dangerous confusion recorded

⚠️ Confusion: White Sweet Clover (same genus, same precaution)

⚠️ Confusion: Yellow Iris (margin rhizome, not to be confused)

⚠️ Confusion: Golden chanterelle